feat(storage): the bulk tier becomes real — static NFS PVs, authored once per environment

The `bulk` class has existed since Phase 0 as a deliberate stub: the StorageClass named an NFS
CSI driver that is not installed and a server/share of REPLACE-ME, so plex, sonarr, radarr and
qbittorrent all carry a comment saying "attach the library once OQ-2 is resolved". This is that
resolution — for the case that actually exists here, which is NOT the case the stub anticipated.

The stub assumed DYNAMIC provisioning: ask a CSI driver for a bulk volume and get a fresh empty
subdirectory. That is the wrong shape for this platform's bulk data. The media library is 8.33 TiB
that already exists, on ZFS datasets on the Proxmox host, with live non-k3s consumers. Nothing
needs provisioning; existing datasets need ATTACHING. So a bulk storage entry now renders a
STATIC, pre-bound NFS PersistentVolume plus its PVC, and needs no CSI driver at all (the in-tree
NFS volume source is not deprecated and has no CSI migration).

Schema 1.4.0 adds, on a storage entry:
  export     absolute NFS export path; REQUIRED when class is bulk, FORBIDDEN otherwise (an `if`
             in the schema, so a bulk entry cannot be authored without saying what it attaches).
  subPath    mount a subtree instead of the volume root — any class.
  readOnly   any class; on bulk it also sets the PV's nfs.readOnly, so the mount really is `ro`.

The SERVER is deliberately NOT a schema field. It is the `${BULK_NFS_SERVER}` cluster-vars knob,
because dev and prod reach the SAME storage host by different addresses and R-ENV-02 says the
service definition is authored once. A ServiceDefinition says WHICH dataset; the overlay says
where the host is.

Three decisions worth the reader's time, argued in full in the r_bulk_pvs docstring:

  * PV/PVC, not an inline `nfs:` pod volume. Inline is fewer objects and would work. It cannot
    express `persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain`, which is the one property most worth having
    in git for 8.33 TiB of data with consumers outside this cluster; it puts read-only enforcement
    one Deployment edit away from silent removal; and it is invisible to `kubectl get pv,pvc`,
    which is where an operator looks for attached external storage.
  * storageClassName: "" on both ends, NOT the `bulk` StorageClass. Explicitly empty is the
    canonical marker for a statically provisioned volume. It also sidesteps a trap: a
    StorageClass's `provisioner` is IMMUTABLE, so re-pointing the deployed `bulk` stub would make
    Flux fail on that object forever.
  * Access mode is always `…Many` and follows the read/write posture — ReadOnlyMany for a reader,
    ReadWriteMany for a writer. One export is consumed by several namespaces AND several nodes at
    once, which is exactly what ReadWriteOnce cannot express; which `Many` it is then makes the
    intent legible in `kubectl get pv`.

mountOptions are a platform decision held in the renderer rather than a per-service field:
nfsvers=4.1,hard,noatime,timeo=600,retrans=2. NFSv4 carries mount and lock in-protocol, so the
only port that must be reachable is tcp/2049 — no rpcbind/111, mountd or statd. That is a
firewall decision as much as a storage one. `hard` over `soft` because a soft mount converts a
server hiccup into a short read handed to the application.

The contract doc records the trap that will otherwise be discovered in production: fsGroup is a
NO-OP on an NFS volume (the in-tree plugin does no ownership management), so a writable bulk mount
requires the container's own uid/gid to suit the export's ownership. A mount that succeeds and
then cannot write is this tier's characteristic failure.

Every pre-existing golden renders byte-identical: the new keys are emitted only when declared, and
`readOnly` defaults to False. render-golden: 10/10. selftest: PASS.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <[email protected]>

schemas/renderer-contract.md

@@ -72,11 +72,48 @@ platform must render, and cites the requirement each mapping satisfies. Changing
 - **Requirements:** **R-NET-01** (default-deny baseline), **R-NET-02** (explicit allow / deny
   undeclared). Auditable via Hubble (R-SEC-03, R-OBS-04).
 
-### `storage[]` (`name` / `size` / `class`) — PVCs
+### `storage[]` (`name` / `size` / `class` / `mountPath` / `export` / `subPath` / `readOnly`) — PVs + PVCs
 - `class: longhorn` → a **PVC** on the 3-replica Longhorn StorageClass sized by `size` (replicated
-  config/DB/app state). For a `vm`, the disk is a Longhorn volume via CDI.
-- `class: bulk` → binding to the external **bulk** media tier (NFS/SMB indirection, sized outside the
-  cluster; `size` optional). Not 3× replicated.
+  config/DB/app state), `ReadWriteOnce`, dynamically provisioned. For a `vm`, the disk is a Longhorn
+  volume via CDI.
+- `class: bulk` → a **static, pre-bound external NFS PersistentVolume _and_ its PVC**. The entry's
+  `export` is the absolute path on the bulk server; the SERVER is never named in a ServiceDefinition
+  — it is the `${BULK_NFS_SERVER}` cluster-vars knob, so one authored definition promotes across
+  environments that reach the same storage by different addresses (**R-ENV-02**). Not 3× replicated:
+  durability is the storage host's ZFS pool, not Longhorn.
+  - `storageClassName: ""` on **both** PV and PVC (explicitly empty ⇒ statically provisioned; no
+    provisioner is ever asked to create anything, and the default-StorageClass annotation is
+    suppressed). Deliberately NOT the `bulk` StorageClass: a StorageClass `provisioner` is
+    **immutable**, so re-pointing that stub would make Flux fail permanently on it.
+  - Binding is pinned from both ends — `claimRef` on the PV, `volumeName` on the PVC — so no other
+    claim of matching size/mode can win a race for the volume.
+  - `persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain`, always. Bulk data pre-exists the cluster, is far larger
+    than the cluster, and may have consumers outside it; nothing here may reclaim it.
+  - Access mode follows the read/write posture and is always `…Many`, because one export is
+    consumed by several namespaces and several nodes at once: `ReadOnlyMany` when `readOnly`,
+    `ReadWriteMany` otherwise. `ReadWriteOnce` cannot express either.
+  - `mountOptions` are a **platform** decision held in the renderer, not a per-service field:
+    `nfsvers=4.1,hard,noatime,timeo=600,retrans=2`. NFSv4 carries mount and lock in-protocol, so
+    the only port that must be reachable is **tcp/2049** — no rpcbind/111, mountd or statd, which is
+    what keeps the firewall surface to a single rule. `hard` is chosen over `soft` because a soft
+    mount converts a server hiccup into a short read handed to the application.
+  - `size` on a bulk entry is the PV's **advertised capacity and nothing more** — no component
+    enforces it (the ZFS pool is the real limit), so it should state the dataset's actual size so
+    `kubectl get pv` reports something true.
+  - **fsGroup does not apply.** The in-tree NFS volume plugin performs no ownership management, so
+    `podSecurityContext.fsGroup` is a **no-op** on a bulk volume. A bulk mount that must be written
+    therefore requires the container's own uid/gid to be one the export's ownership permits (e.g.
+    Plex's `PLEX_UID`/`PLEX_GID`, LinuxServer images' `PUID`/`PGID`) — or a server-side squash. A
+    mount that succeeds but cannot write is the characteristic failure of this tier.
+- `mountPath` (any class) overrides the `/data/<name>` default verbatim.
+- `subPath` (any class) mounts a subtree instead of the volume root. **Two `subPath` mounts of one
+  export are two separate mounts**, so `link()` between them fails `EXDEV`; a workload that needs
+  hardlinks or atomic moves between two directories (Sonarr/Radarr importing from a download path
+  into a library) must mount their common ancestor **once** instead.
+- `readOnly` (any class) marks the volumeMount read-only, and on a bulk entry also sets the PV's
+  `nfs.readOnly` so the kernel mount really is `ro`. Note this is a **client-side** guarantee: one
+  export serving both a reader and a writer that may land on any node cannot distinguish them
+  server-side.
 - State separation rule: anything that must survive a rebuild lives on a named volume here, never on
   ephemeral fs/hostPath — so the workload can be destroyed and re-applied from git with data intact.
 - **Requirements:** **R-STATE-01** (rebuild survival), **R-STATE-02** (Longhorn replication),

schemas/servicedefinition.schema.json

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
   "$id": "https://home.keithjackson.dev/schemas/servicedefinition.schema.json",
   "title": "ServiceDefinition",
-  "description": "Operator-facing onboarding contract for the home k3s + Longhorn platform. One ServiceDefinition per file under catalog/. Captures INTENT; the platform compiles it into concrete resources (see schemas/renderer-contract.md). Canonical source of truth: spec docs/13-service-catalog.md. Serves R-GITOPS-02; ties into R-NET-*, R-STATE-*, R-TLS-*, R-DNS-*, R-OBS-*, R-UPD-*, R-IDP-*. Schema version: 1.3.0 (adds optional pod-level podSecurityContext for the container kind — k8s PodSecurityContext emitted verbatim onto the pod spec; its fsGroup unblocks non-root images e.g. semaphore/UID-1001 writing a mounted Longhorn PVC). 1.2.0 added optional per-container env/envFrom/lifecycle for the container kind — k8s EnvVar/EnvFromSource/Lifecycle shapes emitted verbatim onto the app container; unblocks headless-install/DB-backed apps e.g. gitea/nextcloud/semaphore/unifi/minecraft. 1.1.0 added the shape invariant exposure:public => auth.mode!=none (docs/13 v1.1 / docs/15 / R-IDP-02).",
+  "description": "Operator-facing onboarding contract for the home k3s + Longhorn platform. One ServiceDefinition per file under catalog/. Captures INTENT; the platform compiles it into concrete resources (see schemas/renderer-contract.md). Canonical source of truth: spec docs/13-service-catalog.md. Serves R-GITOPS-02; ties into R-NET-*, R-STATE-*, R-TLS-*, R-DNS-*, R-OBS-*, R-UPD-*, R-IDP-*. Schema version: 1.4.0 (makes the `bulk` tier REAL: a bulk storage entry now carries `export` (the absolute NFS export path on the ${BULK_NFS_SERVER} host) and renders a STATIC, pre-bound NFS PersistentVolume + PVC over data that already exists outside the cluster, plus optional `subPath` and `readOnly` on any entry. Resolves the OQ-2 bulk-backing stub for STATIC pre-existing datasets; dynamic bulk provisioning remains unimplemented and unneeded). 1.3.0 added optional pod-level podSecurityContext for the container kind — k8s PodSecurityContext emitted verbatim onto the pod spec; its fsGroup unblocks non-root images e.g. semaphore/UID-1001 writing a mounted Longhorn PVC). 1.2.0 added optional per-container env/envFrom/lifecycle for the container kind — k8s EnvVar/EnvFromSource/Lifecycle shapes emitted verbatim onto the app container; unblocks headless-install/DB-backed apps e.g. gitea/nextcloud/semaphore/unifi/minecraft. 1.1.0 added the shape invariant exposure:public => auth.mode!=none (docs/13 v1.1 / docs/15 / R-IDP-02).",
   "type": "object",
   "additionalProperties": false,
   "required": ["name", "source"],
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@
     },
     "storage": {
       "type": "array",
-      "description": "Persistent volumes. If it must survive a rebuild it lives here, never on ephemeral/hostPath (docs/04; R-STATE-01/02/04).",
+      "description": "Persistent volumes. If it must survive a rebuild it lives here, never on ephemeral/hostPath (docs/04; R-STATE-01/02/04). A `longhorn` entry renders a dynamically provisioned PVC; a `bulk` entry renders a STATIC, pre-bound NFS PersistentVolume + its PVC over data that already exists outside the cluster.",
       "default": [],
       "items": {
         "type": "object",
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@
           },
           "size": {
             "type": "string",
-            "description": "PVC request in Kubernetes quantity form (e.g. 5Gi). Required for the longhorn tier; may be omitted for the bulk tier (external mount, sized outside the cluster - docs/04).",
+            "description": "PVC request in Kubernetes quantity form (e.g. 5Gi). Required for the longhorn tier. For the bulk tier it is the STATIC PV's advertised capacity: NOTHING enforces it (the ZFS pool is the real limit), so state the dataset's current size so `kubectl get pv` reports something true. Omitted => the bulk PV/PVC carry no capacity, which the API rejects, so bulk in practice sets it.",
             "pattern": "^[1-9][0-9]*(Mi|Gi|Ti)$"
           },
           "mountPath": {
@@ -177,11 +177,33 @@
           },
           "class": {
             "type": "string",
-            "description": "longhorn = 3-replica block storage for app/config/DB state (R-STATE-02); bulk = large external media tier, NOT 3x replicated (R-STATE-04).",
+            "description": "longhorn = 3-replica block storage for app/config/DB state (R-STATE-02); bulk = large external media tier, NOT 3x replicated, backed by a STATIC NFS PersistentVolume the renderer emits (requires `export`).",
             "enum": ["longhorn", "bulk"],
             "default": "longhorn"
+          },
+          "export": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "bulk ONLY: the absolute NFS export path on the bulk server (e.g. /mnt/Storage/plex). The SERVER is NOT named here - it is the ${BULK_NFS_SERVER} cluster-vars knob, so the same ServiceDefinition promotes across environments (R-ENV-02). Required whenever class is bulk; forbidden otherwise.",
+            "pattern": "^/.*[^/]$"
+          },
+          "subPath": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Optional relative path WITHIN the volume to mount instead of its root. NOTE for hardlink/atomic-move workloads (Sonarr/Radarr): two subPath mounts of the same export are two separate mounts, so link() across them fails EXDEV. Mount the common ancestor once instead.",
+            "pattern": "^[^/].*[^/]$"
+          },
+          "readOnly": {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "Mount this volume read-only. For a bulk volume this also sets the PersistentVolume's nfs.readOnly (the mount really is `ro`) and makes its access mode ReadOnlyMany instead of ReadWriteMany.",
+            "default": false
           }
-        }
+        },
+        "allOf": [
+          {
+            "if": { "properties": { "class": { "const": "bulk" } }, "required": ["class"] },
+            "then": { "required": ["export"] },
+            "else": { "not": { "required": ["export"] } }
+          }
+        ]
       }
     },
     "dependencies": {